WiFi Offload Architectures
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 1
Peter Gaspar
CSE, SP Mobile, EM East
June 2011

. Motivation
. Offload Architectures
. Cisco SP WiFi Solution Core
. Cisco SP WiFi Solution Radio
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 2
. Summary

ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3

There will be 5B mobile
devices and
2B M2M nodes
Global mobile traffic will
grow 26X to 6.3 EB/mo
Mobile Video Driving Traffic Explosion
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 4
Video will be 66% of all mobile traffic by 2015
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Forecast, 2010.2015

Small Cells Increase
Existing Capacity
Macro
1000
100
Growth
Macro
Capacity
26x
Growth
2G/3G/4G
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 6
Consumer
Business Community
10
1
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Spectrum
Future networks supporting the mobile Internet will need
to integrate smaller cell architectures to scale
Wi-Fi
Source: Agilent Femto

64QAM/
MIMO
16QAM
QPSK
64QAM/
MIMO
16QAM
QPSK
Macrocell (3G/4G)

Voice coverage with
uniform bandwidth, but not
always where people are

Limited data capacity

Sub-optimal delivery of
high BW to POPs

High CapEx/OpEx: $400K

Poor spectral efficiency
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 7
64QAM/
MIMO
16QAM
QPSK
64QAM/
MIMO
16QAM
QPSK
1 km

New sites: Zoning issues
Wi-Fi/Femto/Pico

Delivers targeted coverage
and capacity

Support high-capacity data

Precision delivery of high
BW to POPs

Lower CapEx/OpEx

Good spectral efficiency

Low environmental impact

Reduce Costs
Increase Revenues
New business models
New services and partnerships
Data Traffic
(Costs)
$
Gap
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 8
Improve Experiences
Three-screen experience and
sessions
Video quality experience
Manage “Over The Top”
Optimize use of network assets
ARPU
(Revenue)

Offload of expensive 3G Data
OPEX savings on existing Macro 3G network
CAPEX savings on network expansion / capacity demand growth
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 9
Customer Retention
Superior performance advantages in WLAN coverage (4G-like Experience)
More flexible application delivery in WLAN (Facetime, Skype video calls, IPTV)
New Revenue Models
Localized advertising revenues (Mobile Service Advertising Protocol)
Business to Business Revenue opportunities

ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 10

. Used architecture depends on operator’s preferences
3rd party WiFi or own build WiFi?
Charging requirements for WiFi traffic?
Authentication needed for WiFi?
Types of devices targeted for offload (smartphones, PCs, any device)?
Mobility requirements?
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 11
Visiting customers and one-time customers integration?
. Selection of the suitable architecture is important to
Make sure offload will be utilized by subscribers (simple setup, available
devices, benefits for subsriber…)
Reach expected level of service quality
The cost of the solution is balanced by the benefits
Achieve flexibility for future expansion

Architecture
Subscriber
Involvement
UE
Configuration
Policy Mobility
3rd Party
Networks
3rd Party
Offload
yes yes no no yes
Transparent
Auto Logon
yes yes
If routed to
core
Expandable If Roaming
EAP Non SIM If routed to If EAP
Authentication
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 12
Authentication
Subscribers
minimal
core
Expandable
Roaming
Hotspot 2.0
Non SIM
Subscriber
no
If routed to
core
Expandable If Roaming
MIP Mobility
Client
Installation
no yes yes
Yes, non
encrypted
I-WLAN and
Mobility
Client
Installation
no yes yes Yes, encrypted
Seamless Mobility

AP
Interne
t
Interne
t
Subscriber
3rd Party
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 13
BTS SGSN GGSN
3GPP Radio

AP
Interne
t
Interne
t
Subscriber
3rd Party
1. Subscriber activates service with WiFi SP
2. Subscriber configures the device to connect to WiFi SP
3. When in reach, device connects to WiFi using the configured method
1.
2.
4.
3.
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 14
PCEF
BTS SGSN GGSN
3GPP Radio
IPw
IPr
4. All data traffic sent to WiFi SP,
5. 3GPP data session can be disconnected
5.

AP
Interne
t
Interne
t
Subscriber
3rd Party
1.
2.
4.
3.
. Subscriber Involvment
. Needs to have service from 3rd party
. UE Configuration
. Configures the SSID and authentication according to 3rd party SPs requirements
. Configures precedence of WLAN over 3GPP Radio (if not default) and precedence
of the SSID
. Policy
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 15
BTS SGSN GGSN
3GPP Radio
IPw
IPr
5.
. Traffic is not crossing mobile operator’s network, so no MO’s policies are possible
. Mobility
. Each radio has own IP address. Subscriber needs to configure, which interface is
to be used.
. Because Mobile Operator has no WLAN service agreement with subscriber,
mobility is not possible
. 3rd Party
. Based on use of 3rd party network

AP
AP
AP
WLC
BNG
AAA Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
Non-SIM
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 16
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
PCEF
SGSN
Subscriber
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net

AP
AP
AP
WLC
BNG
AAA Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
Non-SIM
Hot Zone DHCP
1.
2.
4.
3.
6.
7.
5.
Gx Gy
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 17
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
PCEF
SGSN
Subscriber
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
IPw
IPr
1. Subscriber associates to SSID
2. DHCP server assigns IP address
3. First packet triggers authentication, if subscribers MAC is not registered yet, AAA instructs
BNG to redirect
4. HTTP request redirected to log-in portal, subscriber logs-in or purchases one time access
(SMS, Credit Card etc.)
5. Portal update AAA with user’s MAC address
6. If user has logged in, AAA returns authentication success
7. Internet traffic can flow directly. BNG can do basic policing
8. For advanced policing and charging, traffic should be routed to core network’s PCEF
function
8.

AP
AP
AP
WLC
ISG
AAA Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
Non-SIM
Hot Zone DHCP
1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
. Subscriber Involvment
. Needs to purchase service from Mobile Operator, so he is provided with username
and password
. UE Configuration
. Configures the SSID
. Configures precedence of WLAN over 3GPP Radio
. Needs to enter username/password every time login expires
. Policy
. Traffic to be charged and policed, needs to be routed to the core of the network
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 18
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
PCEF
SGSN
Subscriber
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
IPw
IPr
7.
1. Subscriber associates to SSID
2. DHCP server assigns IP address
3. First packet triggers authentication, if subscriber has not logged in yet, AAA instructs ISG
to redirect
4. HTTP request redirected to log-in portal, subscriber logs-in or purchases one time access
(SMS, Credit Card etc.)
5. If user has logged in, AAA returns authentication success
6. Internet traffic can flow directly. ISG can do basic policing
7. For advanced policing and charging, traffic should be routed to core network’s PCEF
function
. Basic policing can be implemented on ISG
. Mobility
. Each radio has own IP address. Subscriber needs to configure, which interface is
to be used.
. No seamless mobility.
. Mobile IP and I-WLAN can be added to the architecture to provide mobility
. 3rd Party
. If 3rd party has roaming agreement with mobile operator, registered users may
login in visited network
. Subscriber needs to know the correct SSID

AP
AP
AP
WLC
BNG
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
Visiting
Subscriber
Non-SIM
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 19
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
PCEF
SGSN
Subscriber
SIM
Subscriber
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net

AP
AP
AP
WLC
BNG
AAA HLR Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
Visiting
Subscriber
Non-SIM
Hot Zone DHCP
4.
3. 6.
7.
Gx Gy
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 20
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
PCEF
SGSN
Subscriber
SIM
Subscriber
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
IPw
IPr
1.
2.
1. Subscriber associates to SSID
2. 802.1x EAP-SIM(AKA) request to AP
3. AP (or WLC) sends RADIUS auth-request
4. AAA server checks SIM credentials with HSS, optionally, AAA can register MAC
address as authenticated
5. Only after successful authentication, IP address is assigned
6. Optional: BNG may be used for basic policy control. First packet triggers
authentication, subscribers MAC is already registered (step 4)
7. Internet traffic can flow directly. Optionally, ISG can do basic policing
8. For advanced policing and charging, traffic should be routed to core network’s
PCEF function
8.
5.

AP
AP
AP
WLC
ISG
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
Visiting
Subscriber
Non-SIM
Hot Zone DHCP
4.
3. 6.
7.
Visiting Subscriber . same as TAL architecture with
ISG, AAA and Portal
Non-SIM Subscriber - uses EAP-FAST or EAP-TLS
instead of EAP-SIM(AKA). User credentials need to be
provided to subscriber “offline” or by Portal
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 21
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
PCEF
SGSN
Subscriber
SIM
Subscriber
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
IPw
IPr
1.
2.
1. Subscriber associates to SSID
2. 802.1x EAP-SIM(AKA) request to AP
3. AP (or WLC) sends RADIUS auth-request
4. AAA server checks SIM credentials with HSS, optionally, AAA can register MAC
address as authenticated
5. Only after successful authentication, IP address is assigned
6. Optional: ISG may be used for basic policy control. First packet triggers
authentication, subscribers MAC is already registered (step 4)
7. Internet traffic can flow directly. Optionally, ISG can do basic policing
8. For advanced policing and charging, traffic should be routed to core network’s
PCEF function
8.
5.

AP
AP
AP
WLC
ISG
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
Visiting
Subscriber
Non-SIM
Hot Zone DHCP
4.
3. 6.
7.
. Subscriber Involvment
. Non-SIM subscriber needs to purchase service and receive credentials
. UE Configuration
. Configures the SSID
. Configures precedence of WLAN over 3GPP Radio
. One time configuration for EAP authentication
. Policy
. Traffic to be charged and policed, needs to be routed to the core of the network
. Basic policing can be implemented on ISG
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 22
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
PCEF
SGSN
Subscriber
SIM
Subscriber
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
IPw
IPr
1.
2.
1. Subscriber associates to SSID
2. 802.1x EAP-SIM(AKA) request to AP
3. AP (or WLC) sends RADIUS auth-request
4. AAA server checks SIM credentials with HSS, optionally, AAA can register MAC
address as authenticated
5. Only after successful authentication, IP address is assigned
6. Optional: ISG may be used for basic policy control. First packet triggers
authentication, subscribers MAC is already registered (step 4)
7. Internet traffic can flow directly. Optionally, ISG can do basic policing
8. For advanced policing and charging, traffic should be routed to core network’s
PCEF function
8.
5.
. Mobility
. Each radio has own IP address. Subscriber needs to configure, which interface is
to be used.
. No seamless mobility.
. Mobile IP and I-WLAN can be added to the architecture to provide mobility
. 3rd Party
. If 3rd party has roaming agreement with mobile operator, registered users may
login in visited network
. Visited network may not support EAP. In such case subscriber needs to know his
username/password and log-in to visited login page
. Subscriber needs to know the correct SSID

802.1x , EAP-SIM
Auto SIM
credentials
Next Generation
Hotspot
Encrypted
Wi-Fi Link
Roam, Authenticate, Monetize
1 2 3 4
Mobile “concierge” service
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 23
SEAMLESS
Simplifies network
discovery and
selection for
seamless cellular
data offload
SECURE
Extends existing
SIM-based
authentication
techniques over
encrypted Wi-Fi
RELIABLE
Carrier class
solution
PROFITABLE
Enables locationbased
and valueadded
services
Seamless authentication &
Wi-Fi roaming - Wireless
Broadband Alliance
802.11i
802.11u
Mobile Service Advertisement Protocol (MSAP)

. Subscriber Involvment
. Non-SIM subscriber needs to purchase service and receive credentials
. UE Configuration
. Configures the SSID
. Configures precedence of WLAN over 3GPP Radio
. One time configuration for EAP authentication
. Policy
. Traffic to be charged and policed, needs to be routed to the core of the network
. Basic policing can be implemented on ISG
WBA initiative Hotspot 2.0 greatly simplifies subscribers interaction
needed for WLAN connections by specifying standardized set of
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 24
. Mobility
. Each radio has own IP address. Subscriber needs to configure, which interface is
to be used.
. No seamless mobility.
. Mobile IP and I-WLAN can be added to the architecture to provide mobility
. 3rd Party
. If 3rd party has roaming agreement with mobile operator, registered users may
login in visited network
. Visited network may not support EAP. In such case subscriber needs to know his
username/password and log-in to visited login page
. Subscriber needs to know the correct SSID
protocols:
. 802.11u
. exchange of services provided on AP
. which SSID provides service of subscribers home operator
. 802.1x
. EAP-SIM
. EAP-TLS
. EAP-FAST
. Roaming . WRIX specification

. Characteristics
UE has two active radios, two IP addresses
No interconnection between RAN controllers of the two networks
Each RAN provides internal mobility
WLAN RAN may be operator’s own or 3rd party
Authentication differs between WLAN and 3GPP
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 25
Encryption not provided by WLAN
. Consequence
UE decides when to handover between radios without knowledge of the RAN
and therefore client software is required
Anchor point is needed (Home Agent or Local Mobility Agent) to work with
client for service continuity
. Mobility is independent of access architecture (TAL, EAP etc.).
Access must be authenticated before mobility tunnel is created.

AP
AP
AP
WLC
BNG
AP
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
MIP Client
3rd Party
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 26
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
HA PCEF
SGSN
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net

AP
AP
AP
WLC
BNG
AP
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
MIP Client
3rd Party
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
4. 6.
1. Subscriber opens PDP context and gets IPr assigned
2. MIP Client registers with HA and gets IPm assigned.
Different HA can be selected for varios PDNs.
3. Data communication is anchored on the HA
4. Subscriber reaches WLAN coverage and UE
authenticates with WLAN using one of the methods
earlier. UE gets IPw assigned
5. MIP registers new location with HA
6. Data flows over WLAN now, still anchored on HA
MIP Tunnel
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 27
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
HA PCEF
SGSN
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
1.
2.
3.
5.
IPw
IPr
IPm
MIP Tunnel

AP
AP
AP
WLC
ISG
AP
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
MIP Client
3rd Party
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
4. 6.
1. Subscriber opens PDP context and gets IPr assigned
2. MIP Client registers with HA and gets IPm assigned
3. Data communication is anchored on the HA
4. Subscriber reaches WLAN coverage and UE
authenticates with WLAN using one of the methods
earlier. UE gets IPw assigned
5. MIP registers new location with HA
6. Data flows over WLAN now, still anchored on HA
. Subscriber Involvment
. Mobile IP client download and installation
. UE Configuration
. Depends on the authentication method used by WLAN
. Policy
. All traffic is anchored at HA
. PCEF function is close/integrated to HA, all traffic can be policed
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 28
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
HA PCEF
SGSN
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
1.
2.
3.
5.
IPw
IPr
IPm
. Mobility
. Seamless mobility
. Client Software decides when the handover is needed
. All communication from Internet goes to Ipm
. User data over WLAN are NOT encrypted
. 3rd Party
. If 3rd party has roaming agreement with mobile operator, registered users may
login in visited network
. Works over 3rd party networks, unencrypted

AP
AP
AP
WLC
BNG
AP
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
3rd Party
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
I-WLAN
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 29
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN/
HA
PDG PCEF
SGSN
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
Client

AP
AP
AP
WLC
ISG
AP
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
3rd Party
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
I-WLAN
IPSec
3. 4.
IPp
1. Subscriber opens PDP context and gets IPr assigned
2. Data communication flows through the GGSN
3. Subscriber reaches WLAN coverage and UE
authenticates with WLAN using one of the methods
earlier. UE gets IPw assigned
4. I-WLAN Client opens IPSec session towards PDG,
request includes the W-APN required, IPp is assigned for
WLAN communication
5. Data flows over WLAN now
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 30
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
PDG PCEF
SGSN
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
Client
IPr
IPw
PDG
1.
2.
5.

AP
AP
AP
WLC
ISG
AP
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
3rd Party
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
I-WLAN
IPSec
3. 4.
1. Subscriber opens PDP context and gets IPr assigned, this
should also be his Home Address
2. Data communication is anchored on the GGSN
3. Subscriber reaches WLAN coverage and UE
authenticates with WLAN using one of the methods
earlier. UE gets IPw assigned
4. I-WLAN Client opens IPSec session towards PDG,
request includes the W-APN required, IPp is assigned
5. I-WLAN Client connects to the HA and registers IPp as his
CoA
6. Data flows over WLAN now, still anchored on GGSN/HA
IPp
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 31
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN/
HA
PDG PCEF
SGSN
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
Client
IPr
IPw
PDG
1.
2.
5. 6.

AP
AP
AP
WLC
ISG
AP
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
3rd Party
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
I-WLAN
IPSec
3. 4.
1. Subscriber opens PDP context and gets IPr assigned
2. Data communication is anchored on the GGSN
3. Subscriber reaches WLAN coverage and UE
authenticates with WLAN using one of the methods
earlier. UE gets IPw assigned
4. I-WLAN Client opens IPSec session towards TTG
5. I-WLAN Client requests PDP (GTP Tunnel) handover
from 3GPP access
6. Data flows over WLAN now, still anchored on GGSN
. Subscriber Involvment
. I-WLAN client download and installation
. UE Configuration
. Depends on the authentication method used by WLAN
. Policy
. All traffic is anchored at GGSN/HA
. PCEF function is close/integrated to GGSN, all traffic can be policed
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 32
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
TTG PCEF
SGSN
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net
Gn’
Client
IPr
IPw
GTP
ePDG
1.
2.
6.
5.
. Mobility
. Seamless mobility
. Client Software decides when the handover is needed
. All communication from Internet goes to IPr (assigned from GGSN)
. User data over WLAN are encrypted
. 3rd Party
. If 3rd party has roaming agreement with mobile operator, registered users may
login in visited network
. Works over 3rd party networks, encrypted

Architecture
Subscriber
Involvement
UE
Configuration
Policy Mobility
3rd Party
Networks
3rd Party
Offload
yes yes no no yes
Transparent
Auto Logon
yes yes
If routed to
core
Expandable If Roaming
EAP Non SIM If routed to If EAP
Authentication
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 33
Authentication
Subscribers
minimal
core
Expandable
Roaming
Hotspot 2.0
Non SIM
Subscriber
no
If routed to
core
Expandable If Roaming
MIP Mobility
Client
Installation
no yes yes
Yes, non
encrypted
I-WLAN and
Mobility
Client
Installation
no yes yes Yes, encrypted
Seamless Mobility

Architecture
Subscriber
Involvement
UE
Configuration
Policy Mobility
3rd Party
Networks
3rd Party
Offload
yes yes no no yes
Transparent
Auto Logon
yes yes
If routed to
core
Expandable If Roaming
EAP Non SIM If routed to If EAP
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 34
Authentication
Subscribers
minimal
core
Expandable
Roaming
Hotspot 2.0
Non SIM
Subscriber
no
If routed to
core
Expandable If Roaming
MIP Mobility
Client
Installation
no yes yes
Yes, non
encrypted
I-WLAN and
Mobility
Client
Installation
no yes yes Yes, encrypted

. Possible only with tunneling architectures (tunnel to HA or PDG)
. Packed Data Network (PDN-GW) selection
1. AAA server assigns the appropriate PDN-GW based on UE identity
2. Preconfigured on client device
Format:
FQDN (<APN-NI>.apn.epc.mnc<MNC>.mcc<MCC>.3gppnetwork.org)
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 35
IP Address and APN
. APN is signaled during tunnel set-up to the PDN-GW

ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 36
3GPP TS 23.402

. Clientless mobility (3GPP TS 23.402)
Proxy MIP
Client gets identical IP address assigned from both radio types
. MSAP (Cisco proprietary)
Advertisement push
Localized and targeted
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 37
. Breakout for Seamless mobility
Send cheap traffic directly to Internet
Send traffic to core only if policy needed
. Voice integration
IMS integration (client)

LMA
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 38
3GPP TS 23.402
MAG
MAG

ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 39
3GPP TS 23.402

ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 40
3GPP TS 23.402

ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 41
3GPP TS 23.402

Offload New Revenues
Operator Benefits Macro network savings (OPEX)
Cost efficient network expansions
(CAPEX)
Advertisement revenues
Service for one-time customers
Roaming Charges
B2B revenues
Enablers in the
Architecture
EAP-SIM Authentication
(WLAN/3G Mobility)
Cisco MSAP
Portal based authentication
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 42
Roaming
Preconfigured devices
Roaming
Subscriber
Communication
Flat WLAN rate for monthly fee
4G coverage (speed)
Loose policies in WLAN coverage
Rural (Villages) Broadband Coverage
Time-limited use of WLAN with online
payment (CC, SMS)
Roaming for visiting customers
Managed WLAN coverage
Managed Enterprise WLAN with UC
Wholesale WLAN
Targeted and localized advertisement
Reduction of Churn (more services, better network quality, innovation leadership…)

ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 43


Reduces RAN congestion

Improves Indoor Coverage

3G Data offload at high traffic locations

Low Network TCO

Unlicensed RAN complement to
3G/4G Mobile Broadband networks

Flexible & Scalable

Scales from Metro/indoor to Residential

Cloud based Operations & Services Mgmt
Internet
AAA Captive
Portal
WCS
Cloud Services, Applications, &
Operations
DHCP Policy
Mgmt
Svcs
Reporting
Cloud
TR-069
Residential
Managed
AP/FEMTO
Smartphone
CMTS
DSL
Fiber
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 44

Standards Based

802.11 a/b/g/n

802.11u . 802.1x Authentication

CAPWAP Mobility & Radio Resource Mgmt

DOCSIS 3.0 & MEF

TR-069 RGW Provisioning & Mgmt

3G Offload . 3GPP iWLAN

IPSEC - Untrusted Network Access

Client / Clientless Mobility -
CMIP/PMIP/DSMIP
SMB Managed AP
ASR 1K / ASR 5K
IP
Services/FEMTO
GW
Application
Core Partners
3G Macro Site
Metro WiFi Aggregation
Stadium / Large Venue
On Premise
Content
UWN
WLC
Indoor Hotspot
RAN
Backhaul

Separation of Platform and Functions
In-line
Services*
Enhanced Charging Service
Content Filtering
Stateful Firewall
Peer-to-Peer Detection & Control Dynamic Policy
Intelligent Traffic Control
Session Control Manager: P-CSCF, I-CSCF, S-CSCF Network
Heuristic DPI TPO
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 45
*Current and future solutions
Platforms
EMS
ASR5K
SGSN
GGSN HA A-BG
Function
Modules*
PDSN HSGW ASN GW TTG
PDG
Femto
GW
MME SGW
PGW
Control = Green
Bearer = Blue


Performance
Provides both superior security and performance across all un-trusted applications
1M+ tunnels; 1,000 transactions/sec
4 M sessions fror Femto GW, 1 M HNB
HW based IPSec encryption

Integration
Able to integrate SeGW into existing core nodes (PDSN/GGSN) w/software upgrade lowering OpEx
and CapEx
Simple migration path for incumbent 3G operators (software upgrade)
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 46
Even with separate platforms, lower entry cost . same qualified platform and cards
Cross functional application security solutions, e.g., WLAN and Femto
Mobility on I-WLAN through integrated HA functionality

Intelligence
Sophisticated application intelligence for In-line Services available w/o new external elements
across all access networks for accelerated ROI
Number of “off the shelf” services: DPI, policy control, content filtering, firewall, …

Reliability
Same 99.9999% reliability as existing mobile core applications
Most ATCA architecture do not allow true stateful redundancy

Evolution to ePDG for complete LTE solution
Existing platform evolves to LTE together with next generation ePDG

Cisco ASR-5000
Rx
Portal /
Access PCRF
Zone
Router
ISG
Portal
Gx
Residential
AP
CPE
AP
Standalone
Hotspot /
SMB
Stadium
3rd
Party
AP
I-WLAN / IPSec / IKEv2
Cloud
WLC
PMIPv6
CAPWAP RRM (optional)
CAPWAP RRM
L2VPN
L2VPN
IP
services
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 47
Carrier
Core
Network
WLC
On prem.
Content
TTG
PDG
HA
PCEF
AP
AP
Cellular
Base
Station
Femto
AP
WLC
Metro &
Integrated
Hotspot
Cellular /
WiMAX
Native
Agg.
ASNGW
PDSN
GGSN
L2VPN
CAPWAP C&U Plane
CMIPv4
Licensed
Macro Network PMIPv4
Iuh/IPSec

ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 48

SNMP
Mobility Services
Engine (MSE)
OSS
Core ASR1K/5K

802.11a/b/g/n

Highly scalable

RRM for Real-time RF
visibility & autonomous
local control

Easily configurable
- WLAN controllers & APs
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 49
WiFi Access Points (AP)
802.11n
Wireless LAN
Controller (WLC)
Wireless Control
System (WCS)
CAPWAP
Outdoor AP
- Standard I/F (CAPWAP)

Built-in support for Voice
& Mobility Services
- Unified Communications
- Context.Aware Services
(Location)
- Adaptive Wireless Intrusion
Prevention (wIPS)

Fault-tolerant Controller
Subnet 1
Subnet N
Subnet 2


Why a WiFi controller-based architecture?

All successful commercial mobility networks based upon concept of
centralized control or aggregation of the radio access network (RAN)

All use the Radio-network-controller (RNC) as access layer controller &
aggregator

Next-Gen 4G LTE wireless networks also support centralized RAN control &
further allow its separation from the user-plane (i.e. MME/SGW)
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 50

RNC provides mobility networks with

RRM: to maximize coverage & capacity thru. network-wide RF quality &
interference-awareness, resource allocation (RF channels, BW, Power, …)

Controlled Handoff via local anchoring

Single inter-op point (e.g. foreign networks) to reduce IOT & OPEX

Context-aware service adaptation (e.g. multicast/broadcast, voice codec
optimization, …) & support of multiple services (voice, data, Ethernet or IP)
RNC: Radio Network Controller IOT: Inter-Operability Testing
RAN: Radio Access Network MME: Mobility Management Entity
OPEX: Operational Expenditure SGW: Serving Gateway RRM: Radio Resource Management

. Controls Handoff Between APs
Manages “neighbour-Lists” within/between WLC
Uses RF Parameters in Mobile-Assisted Handoff
Fast & seamless handoff for L2 & L3 services (802.11r)
. LAN, MAN or WAN connected (Layer 2 or L3 transport)
Not limited by size of L2 domain or transport technology
. CleanAir provides industry-leading active interference mitigation
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 51
based on centralized RRM
Capacity and coverage booster for all environments incl. those with “unwanted” APs
. Adaptive wireless intrusion detection/prevention (wIPS)
. Context-aware services (e.g. VideoStream, VoWiFi CAC)
Multi/uni-cast admission control & media-adaptation needs central network view
. Inter-network mobility (e.g. 3G-WiFi) via IP (e.g. PMIP)
Edge-based mobility for very infrequent “roaming” cases
. Supports control/data split in-line with next-gen wireless (LTE)
LAN: Local Area Network WLC: Wireless LAN Controller CAC: Connection Admission Control
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network wIPS: Wireless Intrusion Prevention System
WAN:Wide Area Network PMIP: Proxy Mobile IP

Controller
Based
(L2/L3)
Controller-
Less
(L3-only)
Data mobility (layer 2 & layer 3)  
Real-time mobility (layer 2 & layer 3)
(pre-802.11r; CCX)
 
Network capacity optimization  
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 52
(RRM - interference mitigation)
Comprehensive security+ intrusion detection
(e.g. rogue AP)
 
Best user experience
(Context-aware voice/video optimization)
 
Large scale deployment manageability  
Future proof architecture  
CCX: Cisco Certified Extension


HotZone (stadium, public venues, metro, etc)
Contiguous coverage area served by Unified WLC (centralized mgmt, mobility, CleanAir, RRM, etc)
Typically, WLC co-located with access gateway (e.g. ASR1K) for charging & Internet offload
Single WLC typically serves 10-1000 APs (1-10K users)

HotSpot (public access retail, etc)
Single facility (few APs) usu co-located with access router (e.g. AZR) for charging & Internet offload
Typically a discontinuous coverage area (limited mobility)
C-plane only FlexForward WLC (centralized mgmt., RRM, CleanAir, aWiPS, etc)
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 53
Single WLC serves 2-5Ks HotSpot APs

SMB (managed services, etc)
Dual SSID (for MSP) usu. with bundled services (e.g. VPLS, IP-PBX, FMC, etc)
Similar coverage as HotSpot and FlexForward WLC

Residential (MDU)
Clusters of semi-contiguous SP coverage -> interference constrained -> RRM/CleanAir
FlexForward or Unified WLC

Best in class RRM coupled with “legacy beamforming” to
deliver focused power to clients.
Improves Network Throughput and Coverage
Sophisticated “Spectrum Intelligence” to monitor the
airwaves, detect, locate & classify interference, alert IT and
automatically reconfigure the network to avoid.
ClientLink
CleanAir
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 54
Improves Network Reliability
Optimized RF utilization by moving 5 GHz capable client out
of the congested 2.4 GHz channels.
Improves Network Throughput
Band
Select
Extends reliable multicast into the wireless network by
converting multicast to unicast at the AP
Efficient Video over WLAN
Video
Stream

Up to 87% higher performance
per 11a/g device

Beam Forming directs signal to improve
performance & coverage for any standards
based 802.11a/g device
~27% Network Capacity
Improvement

Faster data transmission, less retries
= more efficient use of RF channel

Faster 11a/g transactions opens
airtime for 11n devices, providing
them improved experience
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 56


15 is not the maximum number
of clients per radio

Example:

15 Beamforming
Clients

6 Non-Beamforming
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 57
Clients

Total of 21 clients

Features Benefits
Support Mixed Client Environment
Migrate devices at own pace (protect legacy investment)

Up to 87% throughput
improvement for 11a/g devices
Higher User Density
Online collaboration, higher BW applications

~27% overall network throughput
improvement
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 58
Fill Coverage Holes
Uninterrupted coverage, better RF planning

~20% range improvement for
11a/g devices
Full Advantage of 11a/g Ecosystem
Works with any standards based 11a/g device

Non-proprietary solution . works
within the 802.11 standard


Silicon-level intelligence to automatically mitigate the impact of
wireless interference, optimize network performance and reduce
troubleshooting costs

Classification processed on Access Point

Interference impact and data sent to WLC for real-time action

WCS and MSE store data for location, history, and troubleshooting
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 59

Wireless
Traffic Camera
Power
Wireless
Traffic Camera
The Industry’s ONLY in-line, high-resolution spectrum analyzer …
Cisco CleanAir Wi-Fi chipset
Spectral Resolution at 78 to 156 KHz
Typical SW Implementation
Spectral Resolution at 5 MHz
?
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 60
BlueTooth
BlueTooth
… provides the ability to detect & avoid common outdoor interferers

Rogue APs / Jammers . WiFi Inverted Signal, WiFi Invalid Channel

Outdoor Interferers . Wireless Video Camera, WiMAX, RADAR

Other Interferers . DECT wireless phones, …

PERFORMANCE AIR QUALITY
11
6
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 61
Wireless LAN
Controller
1
RRM
Channels 11, 6 and 1 are optimized for
maximum performance and minimum
interference
ⓒ 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. . Shared Under NDA only

PERFORMANCE AIR QUALITY
11
6
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 62
Wireless LAN
Controller
1
RRM
Channels 11, 6 and 1 are optimized for
maximum performance and minimum
interference
Interference on Channel 6. Air Quality
is affected. RRM is browsing the list of
preferred channels to resolve conflict…
11
6
Scanning available channels… 1
ⓒ 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. . Shared Under NDA only

PERFORMANCE AIR QUALITY
11
6 11
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 63
Wireless LAN
Controller
1
RRM
11
6
Changing to Channel 11 1
Conflict resolved. Information is being X
relayed to RRM. Conflicting channel is
blocked from future use.
ⓒ 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. . Shared Under NDA only

Features Benefits
Self Healing and Optimizing
Troubleshooting Forensics

AirQuality Aware RRM

Event Driven RRM

Persistent Device Avoidance

Remote Client Troubleshooting

Spectrum Expert Connect

Location, Impact Analysis and
Reduces Downtime, Maximizes Resilience
Lowers Problem Resolution Time/Cost
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 64
Wireless Security

Unwanted Device Notification Policy Enforcement

Unwanted Device Location
History Playback

New Rogue Threats Detection
(off-channel, inverted)

DOS Jammer Detection
Improves Visibility to New Threats
Enables Enforceable Rules
RRM: Radio Resource Management

Dual-Band Client Radio
2.4/5GHz
Solution
Challenge
Dual-Band clients persistently connect to 2.4 GHz
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 65
2.4 5
Optimized RF utilization by moving 5 GHz capable
client out of the congested 2.4 GHz channels
802.11n
Discovery Probes
Looking for AP
Discovery Response
BandSelect directs clients to 5 GHz optimizing RF usage

Better usage of the higher capacity 5GHz band

Frees up 2.4 GHz for single-band clients


Probe suppression
Identify dual-band clients (2.4GHz & 5GHz capable)

Suppress immediate probe response on 2.4 GHz channels

Wait for dual-band clients to scan into 5 GHz channels
Do not respond to dual-band capable client on 2.4 GHz

Accommodate 2.4GHz clients & dual-band clients that fall back to
2.4GHz
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 66

Time-out dual-band client 2.4GHz probe response suppression

Mark 2.4 GHz only clients & respond with probes

Distributed algorithm

Algorithm runs on AP firmware

Global configuration for the algorithm parameters on controller
Per WLAN ‘override’ control

Features Benefits
No special client HW or SW
No added costs, highly accessable

Use infrastructure information to
influence client decisions

Optimize bandwidth usage Higher User Density
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 67
Full Advantage of 11a/g Ecosystem
Works with any standards based 11a/g device

Non-proprietary solution . works
within the 802.11 standard

ClientLink

Beam forming
improves throughput
for 11a/g devices
More Bars
Everywhere
Interference
Cisco 802.11n

First enterprise-class Wi-Fi
certified product

65% market share
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 68
BandSelect
CleanAir
Intelligent Network
Utilization

Move 5GHz capable
clients out of congested
2.4GHz channels
Mitigation

Detect, Classify,
Locate and
Mitigate

Comprehensive product
portfolio


Can’t deliver multicast video over RF at scale

Video overloads network and degrades other application performance

Unable to deliver quality video
Video Streaming Without Reliable Multicast
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 69
POOR
PERFORMANCE
POOR
PERFORMANCE
WLC SWITCH
AP AP AP AP


Reliability at WLC improves quality but NOT overall scale

No identification of respective priority

Inefficient use of overall network
Inefficient use of
bandwidth on the
wired port
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 70
GOOD GOOD PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
GOOD
PERFORMANCE
AP AP AP AP
WLC
POOR
PERFORMANCE
SWITCH


Cisco VideoStream Technology enables reliable and consistent delivery
of quality video over the wireless network
Reliable Multicast
Stream
Prioritization
Resource Reservation
Control
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 71
AP
MULTICAST
STREAM
WLC
Live Sporting Event
Replay
AP
AP
VIDEO
NOT
AVAILABLE
VoD


Improves quality and scale of streaming content:

Solves challenges with RF and wired / wireless integration

Brings wired video quality to wireless

Stream prioritization protects important content precedence
Video Streaming With Reliable Multicast
Prioritization
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 72
ADMISSION
CONTROL
CRITICALITY
LEVEL:
HIGH
GREAT
PERFORMANCE
GREAT
PERFORMANCE
GREAT
PERFORMANCE
AP AP AP AP
Reliable WLC SWITCH
Multicast
RRC

. Complete Indoor and Outdoor
Networking Solution
Part of the Unified Wireless Network for a
complete end-to-end wireless solution for
the mobile workforce
. Scalable Mesh Architecture
. Mobility Services
and Applications
Designed to support robust integrated
security services, guest network (public
access) and verticallyfocused
applications
. Open Architecture
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 73
Designed to scale to various size
networks from campus deployments
to extensive outdoor environment
such as large metropolitan areas
Allows an ecosystem of partners
to extend services to third party
applications and services such as video
surveillance, automated meter reading,
etc.

. New Industrial Form Factor & Mount
Low-Profile: chassis & antenna only 25 cm high
(easily complies with 30 cm cable-strand height restrictions)
Bracket for horizontal Chassis orientation
Strand Slope Adjustment Capability
3-Element Dual-band (2.4 & 5 GHz) Antenna
array in a single low-profile radome
Replaces up to 6 single-band stick antennas NEW 802.11n
25 cm
13.5 cm
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 74
(for dual-band 2X3 MIMO radios)
Optimizes field-of-view by placing antennas to bottom
Eliminates possibility of “non-connected” antenna
Reduces deployment complexity/Eliminates cables
Eliminates possibility of cable-antenna tangle/break-off
Reduced Cost
U-NII-2 5.250-5.350 GHz (100 MHz) + new DFS req’t (0.5 μs)
U-NII-Worldwide 5.470-5.725 GHz (255 MHz) + new DFS req’t (0.5 μs)
U-NII-3 5.725-5.850 GHz (125 MHz)
vs. others meet old DFS req’t. (0.8 μs) . not FCC certified for U-NII-2
Current
a/b/g
U-NII Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection; radar avoidance
OPS

. Higher Coverage & Throughput; Less APs req’d.
Provide Same Coverage to a given area with up to 25% less APs
. Less APs = Lower Direct Expense
Reduced CAPEX (Hardware, Installation, Peripheral)
Reduced OPEX (Network OPEX & Maintenance OPEX)
. Spectrum Intelligence reduces Indirect Expense
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 75
ClientLink: Delivers stronger signals to legacy Clients
CleanAir: Locates & isolates Interferer
Band Select: Moves 5GHz capable client out of 2.4GHz channel
RRM: Avoids high interference channels
RESULTS: Improved Customer Experience
RRM Radio Resource Management

PLANNING
REPORTING DEPLOYMENT
ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 76

Ensure Network High-Availability

Complete visibility & control of the
RF environment

Comprehensive lifecycle management
in a single centralized platform

Easy trending, capacity planning &
troubleshooting

Lower OPEX & CAPEX
TROUBLE
SHOOTING
MONITORING

ⓒ 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 77


Offload Architectures
Each MO has different motivation for Offload
Multiple technologies can be deployed depending on requirements
Flexibility is needed to adopt the architecture to new business models

Flexible and Modular Core
Different levels of offload integration are supported
Step-by-step deployment as requirements grow
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 78
Integrated core functions in the ASR 5000
Developed in-line with 3GPP standards

Outstanding Radio Performance
Years of experience
Controller based for better RRM, Security and Mobility
CleanAir, ClientLink, BandSelect, VideoStream
Industry leading outdoor access points

AP
AP
AP
WLC
ISG
AP
AAA HSS Portal PCRF Billing
Interne
t
Interne
t
Visiting
Subscriber
Non-SIM
3rd Party
Hot Zone DHCP
Gx Gy
ⓒ 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 80
AP
AP
BTS
WLC
GGSN
TTG HA PCEF
SGSN
Subscriber
SIM
Subscriber
Hot Spots
3GPP Radio
On-Net