Mohamed Abdel Monem 

Radio Optimization Senior

Engineer at Vodafone Egypt

In order that data can be transported across the LTE radio interface, various "channels" are used. These are used to segregate the different types of data and allow them to be transported across the radio access network in an orderly fashion.
Effectively the different channels provide interfaces to the higher layers within the LTE protocol structure and enable an orderly and defined segregation of the data.

Mohamed Abdel Monem 

Radio Optimization Senior

Engineer at Vodafone Egypt

The radio resource management (RRM) functionality with HSDPA and HSUPA has experienced changes compared with Release 99. In Release 99 the scheduling control was purely based in the radio network controller (RNC) while in the base station (BTS or Node B in 3GPP terminology) there was mainly a power control related functionality (fast closed loop power control).

Mohamed Abdel Monem 

Radio Optimization Senior

Engineer at Vodafone Egypt

Each symbol represents bits depending on the modulation technique, Each data point represents a different bit pattern.  LTE devices use QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM to modulate data and control information.  The eNodeB supports all of these modulation techniques for the Down Link direction. However, 64QAM is optional in the Uplink direction.

Mohamed Abdel Monem 

Radio Optimization Senior

Engineer at Vodafone Egypt

In the new exciting era of 5G, new communication requirements pose challenges on existing networks in terms of technologies and business models. The next-generation mobile network must meet diversified demands. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has classified 5G mobile network services into three categories: 
  1- Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
  2- Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communications (uRLLC)
  3- Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)

Mohamed Abdel Monem 

Radio Optimization Senior

Engineer at Vodafone Egypt

Channel Element (CE) describes the SW licensed capacity resources required for a dedicated channel (DCH or E-DCH). The number of channel elements required in a RBS is based on the traffic type, and is dependent on the radio bearers to be used, as well as on the number of simultaneous users for each specific radio bearer.

Mohamed Abdel Monem 

Radio Optimization Senior

Engineer at Vodafone Egypt

When LTE system was developed one of the big technical feature from UMTS Soft/Softer handover was missing from the architecture. There are many specific reasons why LTE dropped altogether soft handover (connect-before-break) from the system design.

Before discussing about why LTE skipped soft handover and only implemented hard handover, let’s check the basic concept of soft/softer handover.

Mohamed Abdel Monem 

Radio Optimization Senior

Engineer at Vodafone Egypt