IPTV
What Does it Really Mean
and How Does it Work?

By Greg Thompson
Chief Video Architect,
Cisco Systems VCNBU

grthomps@cisco.com, +1-408-525-7711
January 17, 2008, 1-2 PM EST
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
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Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.

SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

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Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
SMPTE PDA Now
.         
Series of monthly 1-hour online, interactive webcasts covering a variety of technical topics

.         
2nd Thursday of each month


.         Beginning Feb
.         
Free professional development benefit for SMPTE members

.         
Sessions are recorded for member viewing convenience.


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Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.




SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

9
Top 10 Telco IPTV deployments today

Rank  Carrier  Country  IPTV Subs  Broadband Subs  
1  Iliad (Free)  France  2,170,000  2.77 million  78.4%  
2  France Telecom  France  975,000  6.9 million  14.1%  
3  PCCW  Hong Kong  818,000  1.18 million  69.3%  
4  Neuf Cegetel  France  600,000  3.12 million  19.2%  
5  Telefonica  Spain  469,067  4.34 million  10.8%  
6  Chunghwa Telecom Taiwan  358,000  4.07 million  8.8%  
7  China Telecom  China  310,000  35.1 million  0.9%  
8  Belgacom  Belgium  249,434  1.20 million  20.8%  
9  TeliaSonera  Sweden  216,000  1.03 million  21.5%  
10  Fastweb  Italy  170,000  1.25 million  13.6%  

From Light Reading report “Top Ten IPTV Carriers” issued Jan 14, 2008 Verizon FiOS is not included since its broadcast channels are not delivered via IPTV
Europe and Asia are clearly leading in IPTV
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Cable MSOs are embracing IP Video

. Comcast, Time Warner & Cox’s
NGNA defined Next Generation Network Architecture
how cable (NGNA) initiative kicked it off in 2004 evolves to IP
.
Moved to national IP core networks for video content distribution

.
Large scale metropolitan IP networks deployed to support cable VOD service

.
DSG, M-CMTS, DOCSIS 3.0, Tru2way

improving support for IP video

.
Next Gen cable STBs will support IP video via integrated DOCSIS modems

.
Efforts to expand video services to devices over home networks


Comcast.net’s TheFan portal Internet Video delivery to PCs
Looking to leverage advantages of IP as well
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
10
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

Many Internet Video Competitors Emerging

11 Offering direct “Over-the-Top” Video Services
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Service Provider IPTV
. Service Provider IPTV is delivered over a managed network
. Including xDSL (e.g. ADSL2+, VDSL2), FTTx (e.g. GPON, MetroE), HFC (via DOCSIS Cable Modem), or wireless (e.g. 4G, WiMax)
. It normally includes support for:
.
Switched Digital Broadcast channels (SDB)

.
Digital Video Recorder services (PVR/nPVR)

.
Video-on-Demand services (VOD)

.
Electronic Program Guide (EPG)

.
Interactive TV applications (ITV)

.
Targeted or Advanced Advertising

.
etc.


Subscriber
IPTV

IP-STB Service (Set Top Box) Provider Broadband IP Access Network
Digital TV
12 SP provides content aggregation and delivery
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.


SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

Panasonic 150” Plasma HDTV (11’ x 6.25’)

11 feet  
6 . 2 5 f e e t  
15  Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved. 4K Digital Cinema Resolution (4096 x 2160 = 8.84 Mpixels)  

Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.

SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?


IPTV Building Blocks
& Architecture

Components of an IPTV System

“I look for what needs to be done. After all, that\'s how the universe designs itself.”
. Buckminster Fuller
17
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Video Headend Building Blocks

Video  Video  Video  Video  
Acquisition  Encoding  Processing  Management  
Satellite Reception  MPEG-2  Transcoding  CAS/DRM  
Off-Air Reception  MPEG-4 AVC  Transrating  Remote Operations  
Satellite, Off-Air, and  Standard Definition  Splicing  Metadata, Billing  
Fiber Receivers  High Definition  Multiplexing  VOD Servers  
Signal Conversion  Audio Encoding  Ad-Insertion  Video Applications  

18 Acquiring, Processing, and Transmitting Video
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

Video-on-Demand Services
.
Movies-on-Demand (MOD)

.
Subscription Video-on-Demand (SVOD)

.
Free Video-On-Demand (FVOD)

.
HDTV-on-Demand (HDVOD)

.
Network-based Personal Video Recording (nPVR)

.
Public, Educational & Governmental On-Demand (PEGOD)


.
City council meetings, Information

.
Local sports & Community events


. Distance Learning (EduVOD)
.
Education-on-Demand

.
Do-it-yourself tutorials


.
Advanced Advertising (Adv2)

.
Interactive TV (iTV)


.
Video-based shopping

.
Virtual museums, vacations, etc.


Comcast has delivered over 5 Billion VOD streams
19
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
TWC’s Start Over Service Findings
. A network-PVR based service
. But no fast-forward permitted
. Service offered free to digital
subscribers within selected markets

. 50 Channels, selected content  
. More than 70% of customers
used Start Over each month

. Using the service an average
of 10 times per month

. Start Over programs were among the
most frequently requested titles

. Even given its brief broadcast window
Source: Communications Technology, Sept 2006, Industry Reports
20 Easy-to-Use, Very Popular, Reduced Churn
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1/18/2008 10
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

Video-on-Demand Architecture Evolution

Video Headend Distribution Hub or VCO
Video Pump EdgeQAM
Storage costs became excessive
EdgeQAM
1) Distributed
EdgeQAM
+ Storage
Video Pump High bandwidth &
EdgeQAM
EdgeQAM
2) Centralized
Access
+ Storage QoS requirements
High Cost &
Complexity Video Pump EdgeQAM
Video Pump
EdgeQAM
3) Hybrid (both)
Access
+ Storage         Multiple + Storage pumps
4) Cache-based Video
Video Universal Edge
IP Universal Edge
IP Cache
Universal Edge
Vault
Streamer
(CDN-like)
Separate Scalable Automatic Intelligent Separate Scalable Connected Through an Shared Networked Content Propagation Video Pump via  Intelligent Attached Storage Predictive & Resources standard IP Network On-Demand networking Edge
21 Cisco CDS is an example of Cache-based design
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Need for Advanced Advertising
. On-Demand (VOD & PVRs) is devaluing
traditional broadcast advertising

. Can’t assume subscriber will see the ads
. New approaches to advertising:
.
Spot ads or placement on VOD user interface

.
Telescoping or Long format ads

.
Targeted or Personalized Advertising

.
Third-party application can select ads based on a profiles and preferences

.
Spot insertion before, during or after video on demand (VOD) content

.
Video Pump dynamically splices in ads



.
Interactive Advertising


. Ads can be delivered based on customer request and even solicit customer input
Changing Ads from Interruptions to Information
22
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
1/18/2008         11
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

Advertising Technology Evolution

Moving to
Digital Program Insertion (DPI) Advanced Advertising
Emerging XML-based standard
Program Source Ad Server SCTE 130 (DVS-629) components:
. Content Information Service (CIS)
MPEG-2 Transport Typically
Manages metadata describing w/SCTE 35 SCTE 30 MPEG-2
MPEG-2
“digital cue tone” session SPTS advertising & program assets
VBR MPTS
messages
. Placement Opportunity Information Service (POIS) Typically a Splicer Defines ad insertion opportunities
statistical multiplexer . Subscriber Information Service (SIS)
Manages subscriber metadata Transport Stream
Replacement relevant to an ad decision of “1-800”
. Ad Decision Service (ADS) generic Determines ads to place for network ad a given insertion opportunity
. Ad Management Service (ADM)
ANSI/SCTE 30, 35, & 67 DPI standards
Manages ad placement execution http://www.scte.org/content/index.cfm?pID=59
23 Moving towards more personalized Ad delivery
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
IP Set Top Boxes (IP-STB)

Example: SA’s IPN330HD model
Branding Space for 4 LEDS and 7 front panel keys Customer Logo USB 2.0
10/100bT  USB 2.0  HDMI YPrPb  S-Video  Dual BB Video Dual L/R Audio  Optical S/PDIF  12 VDC Power  
Ethernet  

Ch. 3/4 HPNA 3
Dimensions: 9.8” L x 7.7” W x 1.7” H IR Remote
RF Output IP over coax
Standard & High Def MPEG-2 and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codecs, SOC design, Multi-room DVR client, WinCE or Linux OS, Middleware & CA/DRM options
Interfaces between subscriber and IPTV service
24
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
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1/18/2008 12
SMPTEPDANow:IPTV-Whatis itandhowdoes itwork?

RoleofIPTVMiddleware
. Enables
.
RevenueproducingIPTVservices

.
Differentiationforserviceprovider

.
Consistent&extensibleconsumerexperience

.
Delivery ofrichmediatoconsumer

.
AcompellingGraphicalUserInterface


. Glues
. Tiestogetherallpartsoftheend-to-endIPTVSystemincluding:
EPG ContentNavigation Headendprocessing CAS/DRM VODServers AssetManagement EAS STBsupport Business Management Billing Tripleplay integration SubscriberManagement SI&SAM ServicePackaging Network Management
. Implementstheinteroperability oftheIPTVsystemscomponents
IPTVMiddlewareresides inSTBandheadend
25
Copyrightⓒ2008SocietyofMotionPictureandTelevisionEngineers.Allrightsreserved.
TelcoIPTVNetworkHierarchy
National Regional Local Personal


SHE VHO VSO Home

National
Metro
AccessBackbone

Networks
Networks IRTs

Network
RTE
Library
Servers


National Local
LocalZone
Content Content

IP-STB
Ad-Insertion

1-2sites 10-100sites 100-1000sites 1+Millionsites
CableVSOs oftencalledDistributionHubs
26
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1/18/2008 13
SMPTEPDANow:IPTV-Whatis itandhowdoes itwork?

TelcoIPTVNetworkArchitecture

SuperHeadEnd VideoSwitchingOffices
Home (SHE) (VSO)
Home Access DistributedCDS Gateway StreamerArray
FTTx CRS-1
7600
National CRS-1 Regional IP-STB PC
Acquisition
PON
7600Content
Metro
Receiver
National
Network
Decoder Core
National 7600or

HAG
Network MetroE
VODVault CRS-1
Processing Encoding
ME3400 PC VQE-S IP-STBRegionalCDS VaultArray DCM Encoder
RegionalCDS Encoder HAG
StreamerArray Middleware xDSL
CA/DRM
DCM

Decoder DSLAM
Management
PC
Receiver Regional IP-STB
ROSA Content VideoHeadEndOffice (VHO)
Core
Distribution
Aggregation Access Home
AnEnd-to-EndIPNetwork
27
Copyrightⓒ2008SocietyofMotionPictureandTelevisionEngineers.Allrightsreserved.
IPTVPhysicalNetwork Hier
a
rchyIPTVFunctionalArchitectureF mework
IPTVArchitectureasdefinedbyITU-T

End-User  ApplicationFunctions  Management Content  
Functions  Functions  Provider  
Functions  

Application
Clients

IPTV
Terminal
Functions

Media

Client

Session
Client

Control
Client

Home
Network
Functions

DeliveryNetwork
GatewayFunction

Application ProfileFunction  Application Management Functions  
TransactionProtocol  IPTVApplications  Metadata  Content Preparation  Content&Metadata  Content&Data Sources  
ContentDelivery  
Management  
Functions  
ContentDeliveryFunctions  ServiceSupportFunctions  
ContentDelivery  
ControlFunctions  
DeliveryProtocols  ContentDelivery& StorageFunction  NGNServiceStratum  ServiceControl Management  
Functions  
SessionProtocol  Core IMS  UserProfil Functions ServiceUse
r Profilefunction  

IPTVService ControlFunction ControlProtocol
ServiceControlFunctions
NetworkAttachment Resource&
Control (NACF)[T-userProfile]Functions(RACF) Functions Transport
Authentication& ControlFunctions AdmissionControlConfigurationProtocol

NGNTransportStratum Management Functions
AccessNetwork Edge CoreTransport Transport Functions Functions Functions
Functions
FromITU-TIPTVArchitecture(FG.IPTV-DOC-181)
NGNCombinedIPTVArchitecture

28
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1/18/2008 14
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

Microsoft IPTV Edition 1.0

Content
Complete end-to-end video application suite
Service Management Acquisition & Operations
Broadcast and VOD services
Digital Rights Management
Content Content
Live Notification
Subscriber &
Server Distribution Consumption
RDP Application System Store
Server Live Video Encoder SMS OSS/BSS Terminal Client Server Gateway Server Broadcast
Gateway DServers IP
Acquisition STB
Server
Core IP Network
Edge Network
RG Access Network VOD Acquisition
IP Server
Phone VOD servers
PC On-Demand Video Encoder PSTN Internet Internet access
Pre-
encoded

Administration OSS/BSS
www.microsoft.com/tv
SNMP Monitor Systems
Server-based, Live broadcast top, VOD bottom
29
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Microsoft IPTV Edition 1.1

DServers for ICC & Error repair
VOD Servers
www.microsoft.com/tv
30 Key scalability areas: DServers & VOD servers
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
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1/18/2008 18
SMPTEPDANow:IPTV-Whatis itandhowdoes itwork?

MPEG-2SPTSoverRTP/UDP/IPDelivery

188bytes188bytes188bytes188bytes188bytes188bytes188bytes

814 20 812 1-7* 1881-7* 188 bytes 48 14 20 8
12 1-7* 188 bytes
4
StandardEthernet1518bytesmax
.
AddsRTP-layertimestamp,sequencenumber,andothercapabilities
definedby IETFRFC3550(RTP)andRFC2250(MPEGoverRTP)


.
StillintegralnumberofMPEG-2TSpacketsperRTPmessage


.
Foreach2Mbps MPEG-4AVC SDstream,Ethernetframeevery 5.264msec

.
Foreach8Mbps MPEG-4 AVC HDstream,Ethernetframeevery 1.316msec


. RTP/UDP/IP/GigEoverheadisapproximately 1-(7*188/1382)=5%
PreferredStack forallReal-timestreams onIP
37
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RealTimeControlProtocol(RTCP)
Sender
Report

. RTPcontrolprotocol(RTCP)
Periodictransmission ofcontrolpacketsto
allparticipantsinthesession,usingsame
distributionmechanismasthedatapackets

.
Sender(SR)&Receiver(RR)Reports
providefeedback onRTPtransmission


.
Feedback Includes:


Timestamps(NTP,DLSRandLSR),
whichfurtherallowscalculationof

.
Round-TripTime

.
Packet counts

.
Inter-arrivaljitter(variationindelay)

.
Fractionofpackets lost

.
Cumulativenumber ofpacketlost


. Makingitscalableviaaggregation         Receiver
Report

38 Provides feedback tonetwork regardingstreams
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1/18/2008 22
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

Network Call Admission Control

CAC  
Broadcast TV  Policy  
Multicast CAC  Server  
2  Channel request  Routers  Broadcast Source  

Multicast
RTE CAC
IPTV Channel
1
Available Available
Change 4 Request Denied/
Against a
Bandwidth Bandwidth
3
Accepted
Check Check
DiffServ prioritized % of link

Video on Demand
Policy
Unicast CAC
Server bandwidths
Session request Routers VoD Servers
2
RSVP-CAC
1 VoD Request 4 Request Denied/ Available Available Accepted
Bandwidth 3 Bandwidth
Check Check

Its about avoiding Congestion Packet Loss
45
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Forward Error Correction for video

. Pro-MPEG Forum’s Code of Practice #3 (CoP3)
.
Completed mid 2004, passed to Video Services Forum

.
Standardized by TC-N26 as SMPTE 2022-1 in March 2007


. Simple Parity-based FEC scheme
.
Relies on simple block XOR (.) operations

.
1D or 2D interleaved codes . tunable specific sizes

.
Non-compatible extension of IETF RFC 2733 FEC scheme


. Stream partitioned into sequential source blocks
.
Each block is a set of original data packets protected by FEC

.
FEC adds additional redundant packets to source block


. Protection period (block size)
. Determines encoding/decoding latency and protection window
. Protection amount (# redundant symbols / # source symbols)
. Determines % FEC overhead
www.videoservicesforum.org
46 “Systematic Erasure” FEC correcting packet loss
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1/18/2008 26
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

53
Visual Quality Experience Technology

A Cisco-defined technology to do:
. Real-time video error repair
.         Initially via re-transmissions
In the future including FEC

. Plus scalable, standard-based Rapid Channel Change
. Maximize QoE
. Video Quality Diagnostics
Set Top Box
. RTCP aggregation
. Components consists of:
. VQE-S server side

Phase 1: CDE110 Network Appliance
.         VQE-C client side for STBs Phase 2: Integrated into Cisco
(“open sourced”) 7600 Edge Router

. Based on IETF RFCs: VQE intends to do for networked
. 2250, 3350, 3551, 4585, 4588,
video what Dolby did for stereo
and draft-ietf-avt-rtcpssm-14
Protecting IPTV Quality of Experience (QoE)
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
Retransmission Protocol Mechanics

.         STB gets “nervous” after noticing (optional) FEC is over-run
. STB sends RTCP NAK to feedback target with bitmap of missing packets
.         Feedback target pulls missing packets out of the cache and retransmits them
. Retransmission is on a separate unicast RTP repair session (or multicast session if sufficient collated error reports)
.         Reception stats of each STB are sent periodically in RTCP Receiver Reports (RR) to feedback address
. To monitor end-to-end QoE
.         Feedback targets send summary reports to distribution source
. Provides both fine-grained and aggregated reception quality data
Details of operation
SSM
RTCP Summary
Distributio n Source
STB
RTP Multicast Stream RTP
Receiver
Cache
Code RTCP NAK (45, 46, 50)
RTP Retrans (45) Jitter Buffer
RTP Retrans (46)
VQE-S RTP Retrans (50) at edge (SSM Feedback
MPEG
Target) Decoder
RTCP RR (lost 3 packets)
Distance to VQE-S determines jitter buffer reqs.
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.
54
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1/18/2008         27
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

Time

Rapid Channel Change (RCC)
Existing Multicast Stream
Access
Net
IGMP Leave
VQE Signaling
S Q V
Prime Decoder & Report Burst Shape
T E
IGMP Join B
Access
Net Buffer fill
New Multicast Stream
STB Merges the Unicast Stream
Unicast/Multicast Streams and Discards the Duplicates
Multicast Stream
Control Messages Channel Change completed in < 1 second
Works with both MPEG-2 & MPEG-4 AVC video streams
Standards Based RCC using standard
Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)
Just like error repair (which it effectively is)

Fast Fills IP-STB buffer from VQE Cache
55
Copyright ⓒ 2008 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.



Emerging IPTV
Standards

ITU-T, ATIS-IIF, DVB, ETSI, …

“The nicest thing about standards is that there are so many of them to choose from.” . Andres S. Tannenbaum
56
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1/18/2008 32
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

ITU-T IPTV Focus Group Output
66 pages
WG1 FG IPTV-DOC-0147
IPTV Service Requirements
Total
82 pages
WG1 FG IPTV-DOC-0181
IPTV Architecture
708
36 pages
WG1 FG IPTV-DOC-0182
Service Scenarios for IPTV
pages
6 pages
WG1 FG IPTV-DOC-0183 Gap Analysis
34 pages
WG2 FG IPTV-DOC-0184 Quality of Experience requirements for IPTV 43 MB
19 pages
WG2 FG IPTV-DOC-0185 Traffic management mechanism in support of IPTV in size
17 pages
WG2 FG IPTV-DOC-0186 Application layer error recovery mechanisms for IPTV
37 pages
WG2 FG IPTV-DOC-0187 Performance monitoring for IPTV Built
54 pages
WG3 FG IPTV-DOC-0188
IPTV security aspects
upon
existing
38 pages
WG4 FG IPTV-DOC-0189
IPTV network control aspects
proven
50 pages
WG4 FG IPTV-DOC-0190
IPTV multicast frameworks
standards and
11 pages
WG4 FG IPTV-DOC-0191
IPTV related protocols
39 pages
WG5 FG IPTV-DOC-0192 Aspects of  IPTV end system . Terminal device consensus
64 pages
WG5 FG IPTV-DOC-0193 Aspects of home network supporting IPTV services
21 pages
WG6 FG IPTV-DOC-0194 IPTV Middleware, Applications, and Content Platforms Common
62 pages
WG6 FG IPTV-DOC-0195
Toolbox for Content Coding
world
14 pages
WG6 FG IPTV-DOC-0196 IPTV Middleware IPTV
20 pages
WG6 FG IPTV-DOC-0197 IPTV Metadata standards
23 pages
WG6 FG IPTV-DOC-0198
Standards for IPTV Multimedia Application Platforms
PLEN

15 pages
FG IPTV-DOC-0199
IPTV vocabulary of terms
A work in progress
Developed over 20 months at 7 meetings from 1130 contributions and 120 liaisons
Posted at: http://www.itu.int/md/T05-FG.IPTV-071211-DOC/en
65
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Other IPTV-related Standards Organizations

It seems every SDO wants to be part of IPTV
66
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1/18/2008 34
SMPTE PDA Now: IPTV-What is it and how does it work?

SMPTE PDA Now . Next Month

Thursday February 14, 2008 -1:00 PM . 2:00 PM Eastern
Transitioning to Tapeless Digital Media: What to Expect -Lessons Learned from Those Who Made The Change
Register now at www.smpte.org
. Select the “Education” tab at the top
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Thank you!
Thanks to our Speaker and to you for your support of SMPTE and SMPTE PDA Now!
71 </div>
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1/18/2008 36