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Table of Contents I. Overview II. Introduction to DHCP Proxy Agents III. Basic Operations of DHCP Proxy Agents IV. Security Functios of DHCP Proxy Agents V. Summary and Closing Appendix A - Format of DHCP Messages in IP Address Allocation/Lease Procedure Appendix B - Format of DHCP Messages in IP Address Renewal Procedure Appendix C - Format of DHC...
11/07/2013
61,646
Table of Contents I. Overview II. Why are DHCP Relay Agents Needed in DHCP Operations ? III. Basic Operation of DHCP Relay Agents Appendix - Format of DHCP Messages in a Network with DHCP Relay Agents I. Overview This document provides a technical understanding of a DHCP relay agent that is required in a multi-subnet environment where a DHCP client...
11/05/2013
206,906
Let us introduce the NAT behavior discovery algorithms defined in RFC 3489. To fully understand what's discussed below, we recommend you read the following posts first: 1. NAT Behavioral Requirements, as Defined by the IETF (RFC 4787) - Part 1. Mapping Behavior 2. NAT Behavioral Requirements, as Defined by the IETF (RFC 4787) - Part 2. Filtering Behavior 3. STUN (RFC 3489) vs. STUN (R...
11/04/2013
45,369
We will look into DHCP Option 82 used in the wireline networks of network operators today. Most of you are probably subscribing to a wireline Internet service provided by one of the network operators such as KT, SK Telecom or LGU+ (Korean Operators). When users subscribe to the Internet service, they pay a monthly fee to their network operator for using the Internet service. So, as a genera...
11/01/2013
54,760
This post will analyze the streaming methods used in YouTube's Live TV streaming services for mobile devices in an LTE network and a Wi-Fi network based on our actual measurements. YouTube's Live TV Streaming in Mobile Devices: HLS & Adaptive First, measurements in an LTE network The mobile device and network used for our measurement were Galaxy S4 and KT LTE network. First,...
10/30/2013
82,229
Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Procedures for Detecting IP Address Conflicts III. DHCP Offer/ACK Messages: Broadcast or Unicast ? IV. State Transition of DHCP Clients I. Overview Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) has been widely adopted as a protocol for allocating network configuration data, including an IP address, dynamically to...
10/30/2013
84,844
In the last two posts (Part 1, Part 2), we learned about LTE QoS. Now, we will show you an example of controlling P2P traffic using the LTE QoS in the LTE network. Let's say there is a network operator named "NMC Telecom", and it offers a service plan with the following features: No bandwidth limitation for Internet usage Data rate limitation (512 Kbps for download, and 128 Kbps fo...
10/25/2013
58,396
Table of Contents I. Introduction II. IP Address Allocation/Lease Procedure III. IP Address Renewal Procedure IV. IP Address Release Procedure V. Summary VI. Closing Appendix A - Format of DHCP Messages in IP Address Allocation/Lease Procedure Appendix B - Format of DHCP Messages in IP Address Renewal Procedure Appendix C - Format of DHCP Me...
10/23/2013
378,447
Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. EPS Mobility Management (EMM) Scenario 3. Closing 1. Introduction This document and its subsequent documents will provide descriptions of specific EMM procedures based on our understanding of EMM and ECM/RRC states covered in our LTE technical document, “LTE EMM and ECM States” [1]. EMM features are explained in...
10/22/2013
92,851
What are the differences between NAT types defined in RFC 3489 and RFC 5780? To understand the differences to be explained below, you must be familiar with the Mapping Behavior and Filtering Behavior of a NAT that we covered last time. What is STUN? STUN is a protocol that allows two devices (P2P devices) to discover the presence and types of a NAT between them, and to find out what Exte...
10/21/2013
49,374
We will look a little bit further into LTE QoS that we discussed last time, and learn what QoS parameters are for. There are two types of EPS bearers: default and dedicated. In the LTE network, the EPS bearer QoS is controlled using the following LTE QoS parameters: ▶ Resource Type: GBR or Non-GBR ▶ QoS Parameters QCI ARP GBR MBR APN-AMBR UE-AMBR Every EPS bearer must...
10/15/2013
369,681
NAT Behavioral Requirements, as Defined by the IETF (RFC 4787) Part 1. Mapping Behavior Part 2. Filtering Behavior Part 3. Deterministic Properties This is the last post on RFC 4787. 4. Application Level Gateway For information about Application Level Gateways (ALGs), please click here....
10/10/2013
34,853
Recently, YouTube has changed/evolved the way it delivers video contents. It used to be a big fan of HTTP progressive download (downloading a video file by a single request just like downloading a data file) until last year. However, from this year, many efforts have been made by YouTube (e.g. switching to chunking and adaptive streaming) for improved video delivery. We will focus on "switching...
10/04/2013
72,584
We will talk about LTE QoS this time. QoS functions provided by any network, whether wired or wireless, are all based on standards (IETF RFC, IEEE 802, 3GPP TS, etc.). They may work differently using different standards depending on whether the network is wired (Ethernet/IP/MPLS) or wireless (LTE/WiBro/Wi-Fi). But, basically what the QoS is about is that traffic quality is guaranteed (i) if...
10/01/2013
80,863
Last time when we introduced a DHCP proxy agent through our previous blog post dated in September 1. 2013, we mentioned that this DHCP proxy agent can offer the benefits of enhanced security. So, we will look into these security-related functions in more detail today. As shown in the figure below, if there is a DHCP proxy agent in a network, all DHCP messages (used in IP address allocation...
10/01/2013
46,523
Today, we will find more about LTE GTP tunnels that we have discussed previously. In the Figure below, GTP tunnels are established in the link from the eNB to the S-GW and from the S-GW to the P-GW. Downlink (DL): From PDN (Internet) to UE [1] A packet (Source IP=www.google.com, Destination IP=UE) is sent from the Internet to the P-GW. [2] The P-GW compares the five tuples of...
09/26/2013
55,997
SK Telecom, the Korean No. 1 telecom operator, launched Btv Mobile service (in SD/HD) offering a variety of live broadcasting and VoD contents for mobile devices in around July 2012. And a year later in July 2013, boosted by the commercialization of LTE-A, it began a "Full HD" streaming service with drastically enhanced video quality. The following is the press release by SK Telecom about its n...
09/24/2013
81,358
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