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NAT Behavioral Requirements, as Defined by the IETF (RFC 4787) - Part 2. Filtering Beha...

NAT Behavioral Requirements, as Defined by the IETF (RFC 4787) Part 1. Mapping Behavior Part 2. Filtering Behavior Part 3. Deterministic Properties Now that we learned a NAT's mapping behaviors last time, below we will study its filtering behaviors as defined in RFC 4787. For information about the terms used below (Internal En...

09/23/2013

35,898

Technical Documents

LTE EMM and ECM States (Presentation version)

09/20/2013

34,834

Technical Documents

LTE EMM and ECM States

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. EMM, ECM and RRC States 3. EMM State Transition 4. EMM Features 5. EMM User Information 6. Closing 1. Introduction Through the previous technical documents, we have studied the LTE network architecture and LTE identifications, the fundamentals of LTE technology, and LTE security operation required for a user to...

09/20/2013

287,717

Technical Documents

NAT Behavioral Requirements, as Defined by the IETF (RFC 4787) - Part 1. Mapping Behavior

NAT Behavioral Requirements, as Defined by the IETF (RFC 4787) Part 1. Mapping Behavior Part 2. Filtering Behavior Part 3. Deterministic Properties Many applications like Skype, online games, etc. are all Peer-to-Peer (P2P) applications based on UDP. When running these applications, two devices communicate with each other without a...

09/12/2013

38,600

Technical Documents

LTE GTP Tunnel (1): Today, we will talk about GTP tunnels used in the LTE network

Today, we will talk about GTP tunnels used in the LTE network. As seen in Figure (a) below, IP packets sent by an LTE device (UE) are delivered from an eNB to a P-GW through GTP tunnels. What it means is that "all IP packets that a UE sends are always delivered through an eNB to a P-GW regardless of their specified destination IP addresses (i.e., even though their destination IP addresses a...

09/12/2013

76,249

Tech-Blog

LTE QoS: SDF and EPS Bearer QoS (Presentation version)

09/11/2013

37,184

Technical Documents

LTE QoS: SDF and EPS Bearer QoS

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. SDF and EPS Bearer 3. QoS Parameters of SDF and EPS Bearer 4. QoS Provisioning and Enforcement 5. An Example for SDF and EPS Bearer QoS 6. Closing 1. Introduction An LTE service provider should be able to make services with different QoS requirements available to its users with different subscription levels. So,...

09/11/2013

362,386

Technical Documents

Netflix HTTP Adaptive Streaming

09/10/2013

27,798

Technical Documents

LG U+ HDTV Service based on LTE-A: Korea's First Successful Adaptive Bit Rate (ABR) Swi...

In our previous post (Analysis of LG U+'s HDTV Streaming (LG U+ HDTV Service based on LTE-A), we discussed how LG U+ Mobile U+ HDTV service delivers video files to a device. Our first actual measurement confirmed that LG U+: used HLS, Apple's adaptive streaming (delivering video files chunkwise, unlike progressive download or RTMP/RTSP); and offered three profiles (quality levels)...

09/09/2013

42,259

Tech-Blog

2013 Content Networking Trends - OTT, Global CDN and Operator CDN

2013 Content Networking Trends - OTT, Global CDN and Operator CDN ♦ Introduction ♦ Trend Analysis The First Video Services by Operators: Walled-Garden IPTV Service The Emergence and Success of OTTs: OTT Internet Video Services Countermeasure by Operators: Wholesale On-Net CDN Countermeasure by Operators: Walled-Garden N-Screen Service Countermeasure by Operators: Tr...

09/04/2013

56,759

Reports

Network Address Translation (NAT) Overview (RFC 3022/2663)

Today, NATs are employed by Korean telecom operators in almost all of their access networks except for wired access networks (FTTH, Ethernet, DSL, etc.). 3G/LTE network: Large Scale NAT (LSN) installed beyond GGSN/P-GW in the 3G/LTE core networks. Also called "Carrier Grade NAT (CGN)". Wi-Fi Hotspot network: NAT implemented in Wi-Fi hotspot AP. Residential network: NAT implemented in su...

09/03/2013

35,694

Technical Documents

Network Address Translation (NAT) Overview (RFC 3022/2663)

09/03/2013

21,541

One-Shot Gallery

What is a DHCP Proxy Agent?

Now that we know what DHCP relay agents are, we will find out another DHCP agent, a DHCP proxy agent today. What a DHCP relay agent does is simply relay broadcast DHCP packets (DHCP Discover/Request) to DHCP server(s) located in other subnets whenever it receives packets from a DHCP client residing in that same subnet. On the other hand, a DHCP proxy agent not only relays the DHCP packets...

09/01/2013

46,430

Tech-Blog

LTE: Tracking Area (TA) and Tracking Area Update (TAU)

This time we will give you a brief overview of an LTE Tracking Area (TA) and Tracking Area Update (TAU). While an LTE device (UE) is in active state (i.e. while communicating, or while in EMM-Registered/ECM-Connected/RRC-Connected state in LTE terms), its location is known by the LTE network at cell level (i.e. on a cell granularity), e.g. in cell2 in eNB1. However, while the UE is in idle...

08/30/2013

247,599

Tech-Blog

LTE Identification III: EPS Session/Bearer Identifiers

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. EPS Session and EPS Bearer: Overview 3. Identifiers for EPS Session/Bearer (Session/Bearer IDs) 4. Summary: Table of LTE Identifiers 5. Closing and References 1. Introduction We have learned about the LTE ID groups such as UE and ME IDs, and Network Equipment (NE) and UE location identifier (location) IDs in LTE Iden...

08/26/2013

241,644

Technical Documents

LTE Identification II: NE and Location Identifiers

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Identifiers for Network Equipment (NE IDs) 3. Identifiers for User Location (Location IDs) 4. Closing and References 1. Introduction In the previous document, “Part I, LTE Identification I” [1], identifications of UE and ME have been described. This document (Part II, LTE Identification II), as the second...

08/26/2013

122,340

Technical Documents

LTE Identification I: UE and ME Identifiers

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Classification of LTE Identification 3. Identifiers for User Equipment (UEI IDs) 4. Identifiers for Mobile Equipement (ME IDs) 5. Closing and References 1. Introduction In LTE network, different IDs are used to identify each entity depending on their relationship with other IDs just like different names and titles ar...

08/20/2013

170,741

Technical Documents

Analysis on Streaming Technology of LG U+ Mobile HDTV (LG U+ HDTV Service based on LTE-A)

On June 10, 2013, LG U+ launched U+ HDTV multi-channel service (U+ tv G 4 Channel Service) that enables users to watch 4 channels at the same time through home STB. Later in July, it introduced the same multi-channel service in a mobile version based on LTE-A. In this post, we will analyze the U+ HDTV streaming on mobile devices that support LTE-A. U+ HDTV service offers two viewing experi...

08/19/2013

77,047

Tech-Blog

Network Architecture for LTE and Wi-Fi Interworking

08/16/2013

57,371

Technical Documents

LTE Security II: NAS and AS Security (Presentation version)

08/05/2013

26,044

Technical Documents

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